Desert

• water collects at cliff bottoms, in shaded rock basins, and potholes
• water (spring) usually near mine, settlement, stockyard
• north-south canyon provides best shade
• follow animals
• don't build solar still in desert - too much work for little output
• follow green plants (small, shrubs)
• contrast to be noticed
• reduce contact with cold ground at night
• only hike at morning, sunset, and moonlight
• don't split up
• stay put if you can
• mud/dirt/charcoal for sunscreen

Wetland

• raise shelter
• hearing not seeing
• bunched berries usually edible - avoid white and yellow berries
• boiled pine needles for tea, innner bark and pinecones are edible
• put bag around green tree branch in sun to collect water

Winter

• North Star:  Big Dipper, 2 stars on outer edge of ladle.  follow up * 5 lengths = north star (very end of handle of small dipper)
• go around ice
• ever green branches are makeshift snowshoes
• sheild eyes from snowblindness (make sunglasses or pinhole glasses)
• stay together
• snow cave = arched roof, vent holes
• protect hands from cold
• dehydration is secret killer in winter
• avoid low spots

Treeline

• treat hypothermia - warm water in bottles at armpits and groin
• drink more at higher elevations
• melt the wettest snow
• dont melt snow in mouth, use black trash bag
• ration food, but not water
• snake bite = stay still, get help
• rivers don't always lead to civilization

• swing legs like pendulum to unthaw (force new blood in)
• orient with sun
  • place ft stick vertically in flat ground
  • mark tip of shadow
  • wait 15 mins
  • mark tip of shadow again
  • line between marks is east-west line
• orient with analog watch
  • hold analog watch flat
  • hour hand aimed at sun
  • south is halfway between hour hand and 12
• orient with moon
  • if crescent moon rises before sun goes down, illuminated side will face west
  • if crescent moon rises after midnight, bright side will face east
  • snakes: "red on yellow, kill a fellow.  red on black, friend of jack."
  • place frostbitten skin in luke-warm water or apply hot wet cloths
    • don't rub or massage
• edible plants:
  • pine tree (boil needles, eat pollen cones, etc)
  • clover
  • acorn (boil)
  • daisy (young green leaves, or boil dry white leaves for bitter tea)
  • cattail
  • yucca
• four fingers between sun and horizion = 1 hour daylight